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Parlov, Iva (2025)

Remotely Controlled Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), the "Genuine Link" Requirement, and the "Effectiveness" of Flag State Jurisdiction: Key Problems and Prospects

Ocean Development and International Law, 56(2), s. 214- 231. Doi:

Maritime autonomous surface ships (MASS) are on the horizon and with them many opportunities, but also challenges. In an attempt to clarify the potential implications for flag states of the concept of MASS controlled from a remote operations center (ROC), this article discusses the law of the sea requirements of “genuine link,” “effective jurisdiction and control,” and “in the charge of a master and officers,” all in light of recent discussions at the International Maritime Organization (IMO). The article concludes that the law of the sea does not prohibit some or all aspects of the functions of MASS to be operated, performed, and/or controlled from a ROC, the location of which is remote from MASS and may also be outside the territory of the flag state. To enable effective jurisdiction and control over persons responsible and liable for breach of safety or environmental regulations, the flag state will largely be able to follow the International Safety Management (ISM) Code model. However, in certain instances, such as in cases concerning penal and disciplinary proceedings, the flag state will need a special agreement with the state where a ROC is located, which is what distinguishes MASS from conventional shipping. If the flag state is unable to demonstrate effective jurisdiction and control over a vessel controlled from a ROC located in another country, and the genuine link cannot be demonstrated by any other means, the flag state could run a risk of being deprived of the right to exercise diplomatic protection over its MASS.

Sverdrup, Ulf & Parlov, Iva (2025)

Sanksjoner, hybride trusler og skyggeflåten [Sanctions, hybrid threats and shadow fleet]

Magma forskning og viten, 28(1), s. 106- 112. Doi:

Sanksjoner er blitt et stadig viktigere virke middel i internasjonal politikk. Det har de siste årene vært en stor faglig diskusjon om effektene av sank-sjoner. I denne artikkelen diskuterer vi hvordan sanksjoner rettet inn mot én type aktivitet eller ett formål kan utløse uønskede politiske og rettslige vansker innen et helt annet politisk og rettslig felt, og hvordan det kan være krevende å korrigere slike effekter. I artikkelen belyses dette gjennom å diskutere hvordan sanksjoner knyttet til Russlands fullskala invasjon av Ukraina har ført til fremveksten av en betydelig skygge-flåte av oljetankere. Sanksjonene har svekket Russlands evne til å videreføre krigen, men det er viktig at partene også står sammen om å håndtere uønskede ikke-intenderte konsekvenser.

Parlov, Iva (2025)

Area-based pollution prevention measures

Ringbom, Henrik & Chircop, Aldo (red.). The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. A commentary

The purpose of this chapter is to examine the IMO approach in protecting sensitive areas of the marine environment from vessel-source pollution. The analysis goes across different MARPOL annexes to consider the protective measures within special areas and emission control areas, and the procedural aspects respectively. As revealed in this chapter, the regime for sensitive areas is characterized by both strengths and weaknesses. Whereas the former at times includes a higher level of protection compared to normal circumstances, the ambition of IMO to embrace the proactive and precautionary approach is not necessarily always present. With the adoption of the Agreement under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biological Diversity of Areas beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement), the relevance of area-based pollution prevention measures under MARPOL will not be lost. Yet, coordination with the BBNJ Agreement will be needed.

Parlov, Iva & Sverdrup, Ulf (2024)

The Emerging “Shadow Fleet” as a Maritime Security and Ocean Governance Challenge

Lott, Alexander (red.). Maritime Security Law in Hybrid Warfare

Parlov, Iva (2023)

Can the International Regulatory Framework on Ships’ Routing, Ship Reporting, and Vessel Traffic Service (VTS) Accommodate Marine Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS)?: Exploring the Autonomy-Neutral Character of the Existing Regulations

Ocean Development and International Law, 54(2), s. 163- 180. Doi: -

Parlov, Iva (2025)

Interview for Shippingwatch: Tomas Kristiansen, Mette Grube Condrup, Daniela de Lorenzo, "Shadow fleet's future at crossroad amid Ukraine peace talks" (13 February 2025)

Oslo-Copenhagen [Avis]

Parlov, Iva (2025)

The law of the sea and the use of a shadow fleet in attacks on undersea cables

[Academic lecture]. Best Practices in National Security Law: The Frontline State Perspective.

Parlov, Iva (2025)

Proposals to Update the Shipping Information System at the IMO to Address the Issue of Fraudulent Registration and Registries of Ships

[Academic lecture]. WMU-CIL Workshop "Chartering the Course: The Role of IMO within the UNCLOS Legal Framework in Tackling Challenges of Contemporary Shipping".

Sverdrup, Ulf & Parlov, Iva (2025)

Sanksjoner, hybride og skyggeflåten

[Article in business/trade/industry journal]. Magma forskning og viten, 28(1), s. 106- 112. Doi:

Parlov, Iva (2025)

Shadow Fleet as a Threat to a Well-Established International Legal Order: Key Problems and Prospects (insurance and at-sea enforcement)

[Academic lecture]. International Maritime Law Conference.

Parlov, Iva (2024)

Offshore Wind Decommissioning

[Academic lecture]. Workshop: Harnessing the Wind: Offshore Wind Power's Regulatory Framework.